To follow codes of ethics, individuals also know what their responsibilities are and how they can carry out those responsibilities with better standards and it provide guidance for nurses., 1. The objection that care ethics is essentialist stems from the more general essentialist critique made by Elizabeth Spelman (1988). The medical code of ethics carry much more weight because they are dealing with peoples lives on a daily basis and one mistake could cost someone their life. (Ethics is less about the fair imposition of rules and more about crafting social integration. HELP with essay: "The weaknesses of Virtue Ethics outweigh it's strengths." Virtue Ethics - Aristotle and MacIntyre Religious Studies Ocr Virtue Ethics Aqa religious studies a2 ethics rst3a - free will, virtue ethics, science, et . This week, we're thinking about feminism and care ethics. Some deny that Kantianism is as staunchly principled and rationalistic as often portrayed, and affirm that care ethics is compatible with Kantian deontology because it relies upon a universal injunction to care, and requires a principle of caring obligation. One of the earliest objections was that care ethics is a kind of slave morality valorizing the oppression of women (Puka, 1990; Card, 1990; Davion, 1993). Care ethics originally developed as an alternative to the moral theories of Kantian deontology and Utilitarianism consequentialism, but it is thought to have affinities with numerous other moral theories, such as African ethics, David Humes sentimentalism, Aristotelian virtue ethics, the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, Levinasian ethics, and Confucianism. Utilitarianism seeks to predict the consequences of an action, which is impossible. She argues for limiting both market provisions for care and the need for legalistic thinking in ethics, asserting that care ethics has superior resources for dealing with the power and violence that imbues all relations, including those on the global level. Some critics reject Ruddicks suggestion that mothering is logically peaceful, noting that mothering may demand violent protectiveness and fierce response. But however useful the paradigm for mothering has been to care ethics, many find it to be a limited and problematic framework. It challenges traditional moral theories as male-centric and problematic to the extent they omit or downplay values and virtues usually culturally associated with women or with roles that are often cast as 'feminine'. Health care practices that are more concerned with their place in the market, for instance Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) often face greater challenges in maintaining ethical standards. Following this argument, early versions of care ethics have been faulted for failing to explore the ways in which women (and others) differ from one another, and for thereby offering a uniform picture of moral development that reinforces sex stereotypes (Tronto, 1994). In so doing ethics becomes gender based and the ethic of care would not be applicable to those who are not of the female gender. The Mayo Clinic is known for dealing with difficult patients especially those that other professionals believe can not be helped. Bubeck thus distinguishes care from service, by stipulating that care involves meeting the needs for others who cannot meet their needs themselves, whereas service involves meeting the needs of individuals who are capable of self-care. This objection further implies that the voice of care may not be an authentic or empowering expression, but a product of false consciousness that equates moral maturity with self-sacrifice and self-effacement. Ethics of Care and the Concept of Jen: A Reply to Chenyang LI., Ma, John Paley. Thats it. In Feminist Morality (1993), Held explores the transformative power of creating new kinds of social persons, and the potentially distinct culture and politics of a society that sees as its most important task the flourishing of children and the creation of human relationships. Other weaknesses are: It is subjective, making it difficult to define right and wrong. In Hamington, Maurice and Miller, Dorothy (ed.s). She argues that under this conception, human interdependency, difference, and questions about private life become irrelevant to politics. Starting from the presumption that women enter the practical domain of moral actionthrough a different door, she ascribed to feminine ethics a preference for face-to face moral deliberation that occurs in real time, and appreciation of the uniqueness of each caring relationship. The nurse participates in the advancement of the profession through contributions to practice, education, administration, and knowledge development., A code of ethics is the principles and values that guide the actions of an individual or population when faced with questions of right and wrong. 4. They should aim at meeting a certain mutual goal in order to be beneficial. In 2006, Hamington and Dorothy Miller compiled a number of essays concerning the theoretical understanding and application of care ethics to public life, including issues of welfare, same-sex marriage, restorative justice, corporate globalization, and the 21st century mothers movement (Hamington and Miller, 2006). Slote seeks to form an alliance against traditional masculine moral theories like Kantianism, utilitarianism, and social contract theory (Slote, 1998). Duties of Non-maleficence: Duty not to make other beings worse off. The tone and the style in which the code is . Duties of Beneficence: "Rest on the mere fact that there are other beings in the world whose condition we can make better." 5. There may be, in other words, a less controversial route to the same end of maintaining and enforcing existing relationships. Hume: The Womans Moral Theorist? in, Benhabib, Seyla. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF KANT'S THEORY Date: 02/11/2016 Author: Unkantrolable 1 Comment STRENGTHS Not consequentialist - Kant realised a bad action can have good consequences. Presumably, then, an individual who has cultivated a compassionate personality consistent with . Sends a Message by Stepping Up Crackdown on Foreign Business Bribes, Washington Post, February 8, 2010, accessed May 12, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/07/AR2010020702506.html. Something similar happens within typical families. Developing a more stringent obligation to care for animals, Kheel posits the uniqueness of all animals, and broadens the scope of the moral obligation of care to include all individual beings as well as larger collectives, noting that the majority of philosophies addressing animal welfare adopt masculine approaches founded on abstract rules, rational principles, and generalized perspectives. The earliest substantial account of care as a political philosophy is offered by Tronto, who identifies the traditional boundary between ethics and politics as one of three boundaries which serves to stymie the political efficacy of a womans care ethic, (the other two being the boundary between the particular and abstract/impersonal moral observer, and the boundary between public and private life) (Tronto, 1993). Whereas the former is thought to be the realm of justice, the social and historical, and generalized others, the latter is thought to be the realm of the good life, the natural and atemporal, and concrete others. And, it might be true for President Obama. Weakness Although relativism is not subjectivism, it is only a step away and may come to this problematic position. In an ethic of care, a woman is expected to be the one-caring in all situations, thus forcing her to remain in the position of sole caregiver. Ethics helps professionals with their actions and practices that are directed to improve the welfare of people in an ethical way (Fremgen, 2009). For example, both Maurice Hamington and Daniel Engster make room for self-care in their definitions of care, but focus more precisely on special bodily features and end goals of care (Hamington, 2004; Engster, 2007). Imagine that you had two parents and a sister working for Oil-Dri in the United States. However, some philosophers object that it is better to view care ethics as distinct from Confucian ethics, because of their potentially incompatible aspects. Like every business in the USA, Liberty has a Code of Business Ethics and Conduct-Guiding Principle. A number of formal political organizations of care exist, most of them on the internet, which variously center around themes of motherhood, fatherhood, health care, care as a profession, infant welfare, the womans movement, gay and lesbian rights, disability, and elder care. There are many different policies today that affect people and they all should be taken into consideration. 5. On this basis Nel Noddings explores the notion of ethical caring - 'a state of being in relation, characterized by receptivity, relatedness and engrossment' ( op. Expanding on the significance of the bodily experience of pregnancy and birth, Ruddick reasons that mothers should oppose a sharp division between masculinity and femininity as untrue to childrens sexual identities. By assessing the pros and cons listed above, you will be able to decide whether this moral philosophy is best implemented in society, or not. Take a company like Oil-Dri, about which Forbes recounts. The reception and taking care of forced migrants with mental health issues is undoubtedly a very complex task. Starting from the need to deepen what elements support . They specifically question whether rights theory is an adequate framework for an animal defense ethic because of its rationalist roots and individualist ontology, its tendency to extend rights to animals based on human traits, its devaluing of emotion and the body, and its preference for abstract, formal, and quantifiable rules. Benhabib traces this metaphor, internalized by the male ego, within the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Rawls, and the moral theories of Immanuel Kant and Lawrence Kohlberg. People are mainly affected by policies because they are the individuals who must follow and abide by them as well. Moral Judgment: Theory and Research on Differences between males and Females, Davion, Victoria. Others suggest that care ethics merely reduces to virtue ethics with care being one of many virtues (Rachels, 1999; Slote, 1998a; 1998b; McLaren, 2001, Halwani, 2003). For instance, Vanessa Siddle Walker and John Snarey surmise that resolution of the Heinz dilemma shifts if Heinz is identified as Black, because in the United States African-American males are disproportionately likely to be arrested for crime, and less likely to have their cases dismissed without stringent penalties (Walker and Snarey, 2004). The NAADC codes were established to direct the members. Liberty Mutual Group today has grown to become a diversified group of insurance company with operations worldwide. The perceived flaw in care ethics for both authors is a neglect of justice standards in how care is distributed and practiced, and a relegation of care to the private realm, which exacerbates the isolation and individualization of the burdens of care already prevalent in liberal societies. Collective Responsibility: It is possible to maintain collective responsibility within a coalition cabinet with Prime Minister as the keystone. The Generalized and Concrete Other: The Kohlberg-Gilligan Controversy and Moral Theory, in. A strict utilitariansomeone believing we should always act to bring the greatest good to the greatest numberwill go for the scientist. The NAADC Code of Ethics provides guidance for individuals in the addictions behavioral health field to perform as honest and virtuous professionals. Creating policies can have its strengths and weaknesses which can affect society in a variety of ways. Weakness Seems to give little reason for behaving morally, except to be socially acceptable. Harding, Sandra. Although these definitions emphasize care as a practice, not all moral theorists maintain this view of. These sub-elements are: (1) attentiveness, a proclivity to become aware of need; (2) responsibility, a willingness to respond and take care of need; (3) competence, the skill of providing good and successful care; and (4) responsiveness, consideration of the position of others as they see it and recognition of the potential for abuse in care (1994, 126-136). Its logic is inductive, contextual, psychological, rather than deductive or mathematical. On the other hand, an organization that promotes a thoughtful culture fosters decision-making based on whats best for the patients, the staff and the community as a whole (Ray, 2012)., Provision 7. To their credit, and to the extent they match our expectations, these strengths make principle based theories very attractive. Strengths and Weaknesses of these Views Both principlism and particularism have several strengths and weaknesses. The three major types of . Critics also question the empirical accuracy and validity of Gilligans studies. Some theorists move to integrate care and virtue ethics for strategic reasons. The jury is regarded by the public as the 'bulwark of individual liberties'. Strengths: Recognises importance of human autonomy Is rational and universal, so not relativistic Not ends based, avoids criticisms of consequentialist theories No singular end specified, so each can pursue own aims Weaknesses: Implicit consequentialism in the theory (striving for 'kingdom of ends'). The Strengths and Weaknesses Of Virtue Ethics The virtue ethicist suggests that this theory avoids the complicated tasks of using a formula to figure out what we should do, by instead focusing on the kinds of persons we sould be. Most often defined as a practice or virtue rather than a theory as such, care involves maintaining the world of, and meeting the needs of, ourself and others. 8. There is also the consideration of direct reports and stakeholders. Liberalism is a principle in Global politics theory that that is based on the hope of diligence, reason and universal ethics and that with the application of this the world will become a more orderly, ethical and cooperative. These organizations work to disseminate information, organize care advocates on key social issues, and form voting blocks. Gilligan posited that men and women often speak different languages that they think are the same, and she sought to correct the tendency to take the male perspective as the prototype for humanity in moral reasoning. Likewise, sophisticated consequentialists claim that deliberators should go back-and-forth, as circumstances allow, between an 'indirect' sympathy-based deliberation and principle-based deliberation (Railton 1984; Driver 2005 on connecting this to care ethics). Engster endorses a minimally feminist theory of care that is largely gender neutral because he defines care as meeting needs that are more generally human. One popular approach is virtue ethics. On the flip side, a person that nobody else cared about at all would be lonely and invisible. Yet she upholds the primacy of the domestic sphere as the originator and nurturer of justice, in the sense that the best social policies are identified, modeled, and sustained by practices in the best families. To the extent that care ethics encourages care without further inquiring as to who is caring for whom, and whether these relationships are just, it provides an unsatisfactory base for a fully libratory ethic. The most common comparison is between the concepts of care and the Confucian concept of jen/ren. As feminist ethicists, Kittay and Held like to understand care as a practice and value rather than as a virtue because it risks losing site of it as work (Held, 2006, 35). Ethics of care seeks to determine whether actions are right or wrong. He calls for businesses to balance caring and commodity production by making work and care more compatible, although he surmises that the goals of care need not fully subordinate economic ends such as profitability. For these reasons, some care ethicists, even when in agreement over the significance of the mother-child relationship, have sought to expand the scope of care ethics by exploring other paradigms of care work, such as friendship and citizenship. Sometimes advocated under the titles of community ethics or feminist ethics, an ethics of careMaking the nurturing of our immediate communities and the protecting of those closest to us the highest moral obligation. This generation is particularly ambitious, with two-thirds of Gen Z saying their goal in life is to make it to the top of their profession 11. That will have to change, however, within an ethics of care because there are no anonymous, single individuals: everyone has a placenear or far, integral or accidentalwithin a social network. If the company is Oil-Dri where everyones deeply connected, and its an old client, and a little gift of cash has always been slid under the table, then the maintenance of that networks vitality and human health becomes a powerful argument in favor of continuing the practice. Now all this counts for something within an ethics of care. An ethics of care directs our attention to the need for responsiveness in relationships (paying attention, listening, responding) and to the costs of losing connection with oneself or with others. To the extent thats right, an emphasis on care seems well suited to the general practice of ethics. Act Utilitarianism Strength. Additional similarities are that both theories emphasize relationship as fundamental to being, eschew general principles, highlight the parent-child relation as paramount, view moral responses as properly graduated, and identify emotions such as empathy, compassion, and sensitivity as prerequisites for moral response. Its only important to know that theres a supervisor X back at the US company headquarters, and theres the person Y whos gone abroad to win a contract, and theres the prospective client Z expecting a bribe. Note advantages and drawbacks to the theory. Another strength of Virtue Ethics is that it helps achieve eudaimonia. Character Traits Virtue Ethics deals with a person's virtues and how he or she uses them in making the lives of other people better. Engster holds governments and businesses responsible for offering economic provisions in times of sickness, disability, frail old age, bad luck, and reversal of fortune, for providing protection, health care, and clean environments, and for upholding the basic rights of individuals. Care ethics also reinforces the idea of traditional roles of women as the homemakers, the caretakers, and the self righteous (Keller, 1995). ( ethics is less about the fair imposition of rules and more crafting! 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