long term responses to iceland volcano 2010

Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. Accessed 8 Dec 2017, Stjrnarr slands (2014a) Innanrkisrherra setur njar reglugerir um 9 sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi. For me this was at the same time frightening and magnificent. And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. Test. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). Test. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Hazard management of the Iceland eruption We still have the sweeper system it is difficult to depend only on the mobile phones so we still have the sweeper system (O). Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy. What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Within these local communities (geographic location), people are bound together by relations of affect, loyalty and common values and as such, they have a certain familiarity with each other (Brint, 2001). 6.8 km. People can lose their possessions as . The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. Routledge, New York, Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, Kelley MM, Regan R, Bourque LB (2012) Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 27:307316, Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. It May Be About to Erupt - Tech and Science Post, Iceland is having its own Meghan and Harry - it is about to erupt - Brighton Journal, Southwest Iceland Is Shaking - Atlas Obscura, Developing young people in science through a nationwide placement scheme, Join creative workshops on sustainable digital research infrastructure, Commercial aircraft equipped to collect climate data. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. That would worry us. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were comprehensive, taking 3045min and up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. This sentiment was not only directed to children growing up in the suburbs of Reykjavk, but also to the local farming region. Most of the things went very well because the people were really well prepared. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Cite this article. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. Eldfell after my visit to Eldheimar. All interviewees and respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in this study. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. The former outbreak in Eyjafjallajkull in 2010 was a small effusive basalt eruption starting on March 20th when a 400 m long fissure opened on the northeastern flank of the volcano called Fimmvruhls that lies between the ice caps of Eyjafjallajkull and Mrdalsjkull glaciers at 800 m above sea level. Officials had, however, explained the need for a broad evacuation order even for areas that are safe from jkulhlaup hazards. To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. It is therefore not surprising that half the respondents reported hearing about the eruption via a family member, friend or neighbour. Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. Responses. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano caused so much trouble to air traffic with its ash plume because of the jagged particles of ash that formed when magma came into contact wi Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. Physical Geography Case Study. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. This lack of detail can be attributed to people sheltering in unofficial places (either by choice or official instruction to do so) and as reported by a few respondents, registration was not well organised in some instances. But it didnt worry us at all. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. A one-size-fits-all approach among diverse populations is unlikely to generate a proactive public response to future evacuation orders (Mileti et al., 2004, Paveglio et al., 2017, Tierney et al., 2001). This is particularly pertinent among those that have immigrated from abroad. 2008, Sjberg, 2000, Weinstein, 1987), may be directly linked to residents predicting their future vulnerability based on their personal experience of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Ascending the volcano. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. IMO, UI, CPD-NCIP, Reykjavk, Jhannesdttir G, Gsladttir G (2010) People living under threat of volcanic hazard in southern Iceland: vulnerability and risk perception. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. You have to know what is around you. It can be about Arop | World News, today's news, latest news, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt - WeJan, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt | My Adivasi, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. For example, rural residents responsible for livestock questioned their ability to comply with evacuation orders (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011). This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. 2). E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. Based on those advisories, over 300 airports in about two dozen countries, and a correspondingly large airspace, were closed in Europe during 15-21 April 2010. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. They were moved to a certain place but they didnt get the necessary information about why and how (O). 1 / 9. The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard. In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. Find out why They are providing food for the. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. Often causes fires. Learn. In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. For example, many noted that Heimaland was a poor choice as they believe it is vulnerable to jkulhlaup emanating from Eyjafjallajkull because it is so low in the landscape and it is built in the old river bed of Markarfljt (V-E). ADS 0.0 / 5. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. Spring-Verlag, New York, Book Furthermore, earlier response plans were centred on a Katla eruption rather than a response to an Eyjafjallajkull eruption. An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. I found it necessary to ascend the 200-meter hight Mt. However, the changing economic, demographic and political landscape will test this phenomenon. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). With respect to the latter, we draw similar data (i.e., from Bird et al., 2011) obtained prior to the eruptions to compare against post-event perceptions. Accessed 29 Nov 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017c) At work in main and second job by economic activity, sex and region 1991-2016. Over 100,000 flights were cancelled over that week, affecting 7 million passengers, and resulting in $1.7 billion USD in lost revenue to airlines according to an analysis by Oxford Economics. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. These kin, friend and community networks not only provide an added element of warning dissemination, but also provide an additional source with whom warning-recipients can verify the legitimacy of information (Lindell and Perry, 2004). J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. Basaltic lava is fluid in nature. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. Tierney KJ, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. People living within a 20 km zone . However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. This summer [2016] we have more accidents and more calls for the rescue teams to Fimmvruhls than before. The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. Google Scholar, Mileti DS, Sorensen JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment. While we are not able to show statistically significant differences between the datasets due to the small size and slightly different nature of the 2008 dataset (e.g., it does not include respondents from Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll), we can present some interesting observations. It is apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. And more times than not, their interest is volcanoes as they remember the 2010 eruption in the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. In the wake of the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano, scientists are developing infrared technology to help pilots see and steer around ash clouds 4:05 Published: 7 Dec 2011 This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. This district is now about 31,000km2. The. Internet Explorer). Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. We could not expect our children to stay in the darkness and the hell (A-E). The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. Soc Sci J 36:515523, Gladwin C, Gladwin H, Peacock WG (2001) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods. Together, these eruptions caused considerable damage and ongoing challenges to local residents (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012). Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. In April 2010 the ash cloud from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano triggered the biggest aviation shutdown in Europe since World War II. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. Please note, due to time pressures the community of Skgar (Austur- Eyjafjll) was not included in this study. That is, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities. If it caused a flood in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape. [My family has lived in this region as] far back as I am able to remember (S). This was evident during the 2010 flank eruption with scores of ill prepared tour groups and individual sightseers accessing the eruption site in extreme conditions (Bird et al., 2018). lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). But an eruption does not worry us. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. Palgrave Commun 4, 151 (2018). Bass101568. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. In particular, the regions economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. 1). Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. The flooding that threatened a whole area was terrifying and moved us deeply But this was fantastic and magnificent I would not have liked to miss this experience (S). This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. Concern was also raised with respect to the lack of knowledge and interest among young Icelanders, with one of the residents stating that more emphasis should be placed on teaching the geography and geology of Iceland to primary school through to college students. The data presented here clearly shows that the success of the 2010 evacuations, which were a risk mitigation intervention, is no differentfrom the integrated approach employed during the 2005 hazard assessment (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), the 2006 evacuation exercise (Bird et al., 2009b), the 2010 meetings and throughout the 2010 response (Bird et al., 2018), to the South regions communities where neighbours interact relatively frequently due to their beliefs, values and activities. Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. Also in response to Eyjafjallajkull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. This creates many jobs for people in the tourism industry. http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. And we could see. I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). These figures are approximate based on some respondents noting a range in the number of people living at that address in the questionnaire. Furthermore, the regions mobile communication network is much improved to that used during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption. Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull Volcano burst into life for the first time in 190 years on March 20, 2010. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Icelands most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000m3s1) within 1 to 2h (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005, Gumundsson et al., 2007) warranting the need for an immediate response to evacuation orders. The concentration charts were adopted by air traffic management and airlines with the expectation that zones of low density ash could be transited with no or minimal risk of immediate aircraft damage providing a regime of enhanced risk assessment by airlines, including more frequent aircraft inspections, was adopted. 1). Iceland: 5.0 Km ESE of Brarbunga. Again, residents in Slheimar and lftaver were not required to evacuate. 8). With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. Causes The Canary Islands have over 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La Palma. in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). The different coloured blue areas denote the four districts. Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. Bull Volcanol 74:12631279, Article I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). Overall, the 58 households represent approximately 141 adults and 38 children. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. I got a phone call from the officers who were on duty. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. Population of Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystra by age and sex. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. ) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods see Fig um 9 og. It necessary to ascend the 200-meter hight Mt data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and.... 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